Charter School Conflict With The Public Schools On...

Ruth Semere Comm 6 Prof. A.C. Panella 25 April 2016 Charter School Conflict This paper will discuss charter school conflicts with the public schools on different issues. According to Ron Zimmer and Richard Buddin, â€Å"The last few years have been marked by dramatic growth in charter schools in California. In a recent radio forum, KQED Public Media, Titled Growth of Charter Schools in California Leads to Conflict with School Districts, discuses about the conflict between charter school and public school in the Oakland school district. This paper will also farther diagnose the particular conflict, to better understand it, to find the root cause of†¦show more content†¦The charter school conflict exists because there are some people for it and some people against it. According to, The Premier Online Debate Website, arguments of those of charter school is that it allows individuals or groups with innovative educational ideas to put them into practice without being controlled by local or state administration. These schools may have unconventional ho urs, experiment with curricula, specialize in certain types of teaching or design programs tailored to a particular audience or community. They believe that charter schools provide quality education and they allow teachers to try new teaching methods which allows students to develop under new education styles because charter schools have less regulation. It can introduce the ingredient of a measure of needed competition in the public schools. According to Sarah Cordes and Institute for Education and Social Policy (IESP) New York University, charter school growth means that more students have opportunities to attend charters and that more traditional public schools face competition from charters in the local school marketplace. They may provide for more accountability because schools that work will be rewarded and those that do not will be changed or even closed. However, the other side argues that charter schools do not outperform traditional public schools. Charter schools may not be equally available to all students and

Hurricanes And Climate Disaster Events - 784 Words

1. Summary Hurricanes and climate disaster events caused losses exceeding $110 billion in damages and 377 deaths across the United States, in the year 2012. This makes the year 2012 the second costliest on record, after the year 2005 which witnessed $160 billion losses due to hurricanes, including hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Sandy was the major driver of substantial damage costs in the year 2012 (approximately $65 billion). During the 1980-2005 period, the United States sustained over $500 billion in overall inflation adjusted damages/costs due to extreme climate events. The analysis of available data shows a significantly increasing trend in billion-dollar disasters. The economic impact of hurricanes is huge and there is a need to improve the resiliency and the sustainability of the built environment under extreme wind events, to protect our citizens and to reduce the massive economic losses brought by hurricanes. The purpose of this project is to significantly reduce devastating hurricane ef fects on infrastructure by implementing solutions to provide strategic guidance on the aerodynamic mitigation of buildings, to help lessen roof suctions, a major source of economic losses and community disruption. In addition, solar panels arranged aerodynamically to reduce both roof suction and panel’s loads will be investigated, in an attempt to create safer and greener buildings, as well as to meet stringent wind requirements. Evidence of the need for Ph.D. student involvement: TheShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1348 Words   |  6 Pagesstate of our currently understood weather patterns and global climate become more understood, in context, with great concern, the federal government has placed an ever larger portion of its national focus on promoting a more efficient response to such concern via disaster mitigation and management with the Federal Emergency Management Agency. 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Taxation Research in Current Topics for Costs - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTaxation Research in Current Topics for Costs. Answer: When and Why ATO Adopted ADR The ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) describes an inclusive term for all the process except the tribunal or judicial determination whereby an impartial individual (ADR practitioner/ATO representative) helps the parties in dispute to resolve or narrow the matters in the underlying dispute between parties. The ATO introduced and adopted the ADR in settling disputes in 2013. These were introduced to bar disputes at the earliest stage in dispute process that remain of benefit to both taxpayer and ATO. The aim of ADR was to resolve disputes pitting taxpayers and ATO in a swift and cost-efficient way. The ADR was designed to accomplish various varying results including dispute settlements partially or fully, issues narrowing, evidence and facts clarification, and constructive relationship nurturing or development. [1] The ADR processes have remained imperative and integral part of the ATOs approach to management and resolution of the dispute following the taxpayers disagreement with ATO. Even though a great proportion of the interactions of the ATO fails to end up in the dispute, ATO uses the ADR process to resolve the disputes as early as feasible, while at the same time, making sure that ATO treats its taxpayers fairly as well as in a consistent manner that meets the expectation of the parties engaging in the ADR process. The ATO has been using ADR to reduce the time taken for dispute resolution, reduction of dispute quantities, lower costs for both ATO and taxpayers as well as making interactions with ATO easier. The ADR process were also adopted to be used in appeal cases that were being increasingly filed with Federal Court or ATT. This remains in line with the obligation of the ATO as a model litigant, to endeavor wherever feasible to evade, bar and restrain scope of legal proceedings by taking into account as well as participating in ADR where suitable. ADR can be efficient and effective at litigation phase to resolve, or at minimum narrow the matters in dispute that proceed to full hearing. The Federal Court could appoint the mediator in an effort to resolve all or partial matter prior to going to the hearing. ADR process were introduced in ATO to be used successfully in both small business and individual disputes as well as on the large market disputes. In the challenging and complex market tax disputes, the ATO alongside the taxpayers were introduced to address the increasing number of disputes. Here, the ATO designed the ADR process to be applied via the use of independent third party ADR practitioners to attempt and accomplish breakthroughs. [2] The most conventional form of ADR that was designed to be used in extremely complex issues was the advisory ADR, specifically Early Neutral Evaluation (ENE). In certain larger market disputes, the ATO designed facilitative ADR processes like mediation. Mediation has been designed in a manner that allows the ATOs representativeness to blend ENE and mediation. ATO further designed and adopted ADR processes that are most efficient by anchoring these processes on facts as well as conditions of dispute. The ATO acknowledged that no single size fits it all is favored type of ADR. However, they have designed in a manner that they can be used in combination effectively to achieve the desired outcome. For example, they were designed to help ATO use effective and suitable ADR processes that effectively help narrow the issues which can then proceed to full hearing even where the ADR process fail to resolve the dispute amicably. ATO also adopted the ADR processes to be used in both small business as well as individuals. In this area, ATOs preferred ADR process or approach is the dispute resolution on the basis of a direct contact with the taxpayers as well as deliberation with the taxpayers. Nonetheless, whereas ATO acknowledges the immense contribution of ADR processes, the Tax Office remains alive to the fact that ADR will always not be suitable i n some cases. However, ATO still uses ADR process like facilitative ADR to speak to such cases. ADR Processes The various ADR processes include conciliation, early neutral evaluation and mediation and in-house facilitation. The ADR process have the following characteristics. In facilitative process whereby the ADR practitioner helps the parties in the identification of the issues disputed, developing alternatives, considering options and endeavoring to arrive at consensus regarding certain issues/matters or the entire of dispute. In Advisory Processes in which the ADR practitioner considers as well as appraises the dispute and move ahead to issue advice on certain or all of the dispute facts, the law, as well as feasible or desirable results. [3] In determinative processes, the ADR practitioner undertakes the evaluation of the dispute and moves ahead to make a determination. The determinative processes like arbitration, are never generally suitable for the ATO disputes and, hence are never considered further. In blended dispute resolution processes, an ADR practitioner has multiple roles and responsibilities like, in conciliation and conferencing, he/she could facilitate deliberations and provide advice on the disputes merits. Facilitative Processes Mediation This is the process in which that parties to a dispute negotiate with the help of the impartial ADR practitioner helping the parties with in identifying the issues disputed, developing options, considering options as well as trying to strike an agreement. The mediators in mediation do not often provide advice, except the parties have requested evaluative or advisory conciliation or mediation. The mediation is often voluntary, however, it can follow a court/tribunal order. In case of a voluntary mediation the cost is split among the parties. In-house Facilitation The ATOs version of mediation is the in-house facilitation in which the trained standalone ATO officer helps the parties to negotiate the dispute. The in-house facilitator assists the parties to a dispute to identify the dispute issues, develop the alternatives, consider the options developed, and try to arrive at the consensus. The facilitator shall never establish the facts of the disputes not provide any advice, nor make a judgment/decision nor decide who is wrong or right. The facilitator only guides the disputed parties via the process as well as assisting them to make sure there are clear lines of precise communications, and for correct reception of the messages. The in-house facilitation process attracts no costs. Advisory Processes Neutral Evaluation: The process is also referred to as the Early Neutral Evaluation/ENE. It is a process whereby the parties to a dispute present their respective arguments to the impartial ADR practitioner who provides advice on the relevant way through which the dispute is resolved. In tax alongside advanced disputes, the ADR practitioner often has significant experience in the tax law and provides the advice regarding the decision a tribunal or a court could make in case the dispute is proceeded to litigation. It is upon the discretion of each party to the dispute to refute or accept the issued advice of the evaluator and how such information is used by them going forward. Neutral evaluations takes place at any phase of the given dispute, however, it usually of most gainful prior to the commencement of the legal proceeding. [4] Blended Processes Conciliation: This is a process in which the parties to a dispute negotiate with the help of an impartial ADR practitioner who assists them in the identification of matters in the dispute, developing the alternatives, considering the develop alternatives, and attempting to strike a deal or agreement. The conciliator usually has the qualification in the field of the underlying dispute. As opposed to the facilitative processes, the conciliator could provide expert advice to the disputed parties on the feasible alternatives for the dispute resolution and actively encourage the parties to strike an agreement. The conciliation is usually applied by the AAT in the both upper and tax disputes. ADR Effectiveness The effectiveness of a given ADR processes hinges on its appropriate use. Where a given ADR process is appropriately utilized, the alternative remains a cost-effective, consensual, informal and swifter manner to dispute resolutions. The ADR have been successfully used by the ATO in tax disputes which emerge when there is a disagreement between the taxpayer and the decision of the Commissioner regarding the entitlement or liability. Some of the suitable disputes that ADR processes have been effective include a formal dispute arising between the parties regarding the taxation entitlement or liability like the objection and the dispute emerging before the assessments issuance like subsequent to the consideration of the position paper of the ATO by the taxpayer. [5] The ADR processes have not only been successfully used in substantive dispute resolution but also utilized effectively in the clarifying or limiting issues, streamlining procedures as well as removing blockers established by the association issues between the underlying disputes. ADR has been effective in ATO dispute resolution as carried out by the private ADR practitioners who include both High-and Federal-court judges. For example, ADR processes have been considered by ATO in 2013-14 and subsequently utilized in thirty-nine complex disputes relating to huge market/high wealth taxpayers (twenty-one before litigation). The ADR processes amounting to 19 have been held towards this end. Approximately seventy-percent of the disputes have been completely or partially resolved using the ADR processes. In 2014 April, the ATO ushered in an in-house facilitation service for less complex dispute resolution. It has been successfully carried out by the ATO trained facilitating officers. The taxpayers, corresponding agents alongside ATO trained facilitating officer are allowed to request the in-house facilitation service to assist resolve the less complex disputes relating to indirect tax, small businesses as well as for the individual taxpayers. Albeit the in-house facilitation service is comparatively novel, seventeen referrals to facilitation have been successfully made beginning 2014/04/01 to 2014/06/30, 7 at audit while ten at objection. The facilitation has taken place in 8 of such referrals. Of the 8 facilitations, 3 have fully resolved the dispute, two have partially resolved the dispute whereas 3 have stood unresolved. For such cases which remained unresolved, substantial progress is already made towards amicable resolution. [6] The point at which the given ADR approach shall be more effective is a given case lies on nature as well as context of dispute, albeit in theory ADR strategies can be utilized at various points throughout the dispute. The taxpayers are expecting ATO to identify the opportunities for ADR as well as to respond to the requests of the taxpayer for the ADR as and when made. Increasingly, the ADR is being utilized effectively prior to litigation phase, at objection or during audit. Approximately eighty-five percent of all Part IVC litigations is started in ATT, not the Federal Court. Excitingly, over eighty percent of all AAT appeals dont end up at the hearing. Most of these cases have been resolved via ADR without need for hearing. ATO, in April 2014, ushered in-house facilitation for small business as well as individual disputes, primarily at the objection and audit. The in-house facilitation has been an imperative approach for the ATO that is purposed at decreasing the quantity of small business as well as individual appeals to AAT. In the first three months of in-house facilitation inception, about 19 referrals for facilitations, 7 at audit, 10 at objection and 2 at litigation have successful been made. Reforms Certain critical reforms are needed in terms of ADR engagement. ADR is primarily designed to accomplish a range of varying outcomes encompassing dispute settlement partially or fully, issues narrowing, facts/evidence clarification as well as constructive relationship fostering. It is thus axiomatic that the ADR is mostly successful where both the parties that enter the given ADR process with identical mindset as well as expectations. Several ADR stakeholders of have impressed upon the IGT that in case expectations are not effectively aligned, the ADR engagement could indeed delay as well as protract dispute, adding to costs as well as eroding the connection between the parties. It is thus particularly imperative that ATO manages the expectations of the taxpayers in regards to dispute settlement as well as its settlement approach. This will make sure that taxpayers who enter into ADR completely acknowledge the position of the ATO as the statutory agency and duties alongside obligations that bind its Commissioner as he exercises his power to settle. [7] To a great degree, stakeholders have acknowledged that the Commissioner is unable to settle issues in exactly similar manner as those of commercial litigants. It is also noted that while the commercial litigants sacrifice solely private rights when consenting to settlement, whatever the statutory office holder could be sacrificing as he compromises the claim is never merely quantum of being secure from an individual, or the degree of the penalty to imposed on an individual, but a regarded perception of meaning as well as operation of law as it should be applied and, maybe, as it is applied to other people in similar contexts. As previously observed, IGT regarded the settlement process of ATO in settlement review. The report observes IGT as having noted that Code of Settlement Practice gave scope for Tax Office to regard based on a case-case framework whether primary tax needs discounting to display risk of litigation in conditions in which given facts, evidence, law application or Tax Office applications perception of law to the facts offers adequate challenges which call for settlement. With regards to settlement, it has been stated by ATO that trying to resolve a dispute encompasses obtaining a common ground between conflicting considerations and requires application of judgment and discretion. Subsequently, ATOs approach to dispute settlement could vary from the private litigants approach who purely seek commercial settlement. The good management rule which is the ability to reach a reasonable decision after taking into account the best utilization of scarce resource tempers the Commissioners exercise of discretion for dispute settlement. [8] The essential in such discretion exercise is taking into account whether: the entire cost of ligation including the ATO internal costs is overstretched to feasible benefits, having considered the success prospects including tax collection, and the probable cost award, assessed as objectively as feasible, existence of compounded factual/quantum matters in connection, or evidentiary challenges, or existence of genuine uncertainties as to correct law application to facts, adequate of making the case problematic in results on inappropriate for the dispute resolution via the ATT/courts. The course of consultation has unraveled that stakeholders often claim that Commissioner has failed to fully utilize his power when regarding the settlements, particularly in enormous cases whereby substantial settlement offers have been made and subsequently rejected without price reasons. It is believed by the stakeholders that the Commissioner seems to have serious reservation with respect to settlement of some issues owing to perceived preference risks, or scrutiny by Parliament or Australian National Audit Office (ANAO). It is thus suggested that legislation is inevitable to grant the Commissioner a particular power to settle disputes to alleviate. Nevertheless, the overall consensus is that Commissioner already has the sufficient administrative power and the only reform needed as to ensure that he fully and effectively exercise such power in order that he is empowered to interpret as well as apply tax laws in a manner that would alleviate adverse aftermaths for taxpayers as well as to settle disputes based on suitable basis to a given case context. [9] The Commissioner needs to take into account at all cases disputed, whether there is certain public gains in having the issue progresses for judicial determination. If not, he should always give careful regard to whether an issue could be settled by ADR and, if yes, on what framework. Any failure by the Commissioner to do this would be detrimental to ATO and Commonwealth by exposing them to avoidable expenses and costs. The ATO must actively manage the expectations of the taxpayers when they engage in ADR in case there are issues that ATO cannot deliberate or where there are restraints on authority by informing the engaging-taxpayers in advance. ATO must also make sure that it has a team of technically proficient practitioners to effectively engage the taxpayers in valuable deliberations on merits of cases as well as be able to undertake proper assessment of each partys case strengths. In case it is obvious that matters of law and principles cannot be settled at ADR, the parties must be able to confine the process to discussing facts, matters or procedures going forward to allow efficient progression of the case. The ATO representative should never seem to be merely reiterating the position of ATO without regarding taxpayers view viability and unwillingness to put for the corresponding counter offers as this has been a source of frustrations. The taxpayers must be accorded adequate time to voice their perspectives as well as to allow comprehensive consideration of such views voiced. [10] There is a need for improvement to make sure that all parties approach the process of ADR with clear as well as achievable expectations by making the ADR engagement a straightforward and efficient process. There is need for higher and greater clarity for the expectations when the parties are engaging in ADR to help less experienced ATO staff to effectively acknowledge their roles as well as responsibilities when consenting to, and partaking ADR. It is recommended that the ATO should consult the external stakeholders to review its practices to improve the management of expectations when engaged in ADR as well as make sure that the approach of ATO is effective and current. This should encompass, inter alia, precise statement of taxpayers expectations and the ATOs expectation when engaging in ADR as well as highlight the suitable avenues of recourse in case of unmet expectations. [11] It is also recommended that when partaking ADR, both parties must make sure that their corresponding representatives are authorized to deliberate and settle all the elements of dispute, encompassing tax technical and any linked tax debt, besides being fully engaged as well as present in the entire process of ADR to avoid having the ATO decision-maker attending and participating via phone or video conference which hampers the process. It is also recommended that ATO to improve its purpose of opportunities identification to guarantee an improved dispute resolution capability by implementing a standalone system that collate as well as assess the feedback from each party, their corresponding representatives as well as ADR practitioners as to the process effectiveness, including the conduct of all parties when partaking ADR and any suitable improvement suggestions which is then publish by ATO to imbue the confidence of the public in utilizing ADR, internally acknowledge ATOs representative good performance as well as for identification of improvement areas. [12] It is also recommended that the Australian government should amend the TAA 1953, and resultant amendment to additional Acts, to allow ATO to grant the taxpayers, upon requests, time extension for lodging the objection in case the extension is needed for the purposes of allowing the ATO and taxpayer to meaningfully engage in ADR. In consultation with ATO alongside the outdoor stakeholders the government need to impose effective safeguards against potentially unintentional aftermaths like delaying case outcome finalization in appropriate contexts like measures restraining the extension numbers and extension length. References Bentley, D. (1996). Problem resolution: does the ATO approach really work?. Revenue Law Journal, 6(1), 3. Bentley, D. (2006). A Model of Taxpayers' Rights as a Guide to Best Practice in Tax Administration. Budd, C. (2016). Will ADR improve the Australian Taxation Office's dispute resolution processes?. AUSTRALASIAN DISPUTE RESOLUTION JOURNAL, 27(1), 76-83. Deutsch, R. (2017). Senior tax counsel's report: Cross-border related-party financing arrangements. Taxation in Australia, 51(11), 591. Doran, R. (2010). UK considers ADR to resolve tax disputes. International Tax Review. Fekadu, P. (2009). Underlying distinctions between ADR, Shimglina and Arbitration. Justice, A. T. (2006). On The Edge Of Justice. Sokolowski, P., Harding, C. (2013). Managing an ATO audit. Keeping Good Companies, 65(10), 626. Sourdin, T. (2015). Evaluating Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Disputes About Taxation. Sourdin, T., Shanks, A. (2015). Evaluating ADR in ATO Disputes--Executive Summary. Sourdin, T., Shanks, A. (2015). Evaluating Alternative Dispute Resolution in Taxation Disputes--Final Report. Sourdin, T., Beresford-Wylie, S., March, A., Shanks, A. (2015). Evaluating Alternative Dispute Resolution in Taxation Disputes.

THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN A CLUB AND A GANG Essay Example For Students

THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN A CLUB AND A GANG Essay The differences between a club and a gang, are quite distinct, but it is the connotational differences between these two words which distinguishes one from the other. The New Lexicon Websters Dictionary of the English Language defines a club as; .. .an association of people with some common interest who meet periodically It defines a gang as a number of men or boys banding together, esp. We will write a custom essay on THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN A CLUB AND A GANG specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now lawlessly This definition is traditionally slanted toward applying to male youth, and stereotypical gangsters, from the Mafia to street criminals. Persons who often have a negative attitude toward youth see gangs. Often individuals form gangs out of fear and for the protection of their members whether they are the Bloods and Crips of Los Angeles or the Sharks and the Jets of West Side Story. Gangs may not possess a set of formal written rules, but all of them have their own sets of customs or conditions. Gangs may or may not be facilitated in a branch of higher and lower members, mimicking a military model. Gangs often have a loosely defined set of goals, and are often involved in delinquent activities.A socially approved form of a gang is a club. Americans generally view clubs as character building leadership opportunities; whereas, individuals typecast into gangs are persecuted as criminals. Clubs are formed with constructive goals in mind, such as making it easier for its members to find parts for a particular brand of automobile. Socioeconomic class, academic achievement, or perceived roles in society for its members all play a part in the preferential treatment given to a group which a society deems a club rather than a gang. For instance, parts of the public anticipated that motorcycle riders would cause a massive rise in crime within the Hollister area during the motorcycle rally. This led to a reactionary response from local law authorities. The event, unlike previous occasions, ended without major incident. Perhaps now people are more apt to view motorcyclists as a club instead of a gang. Additionally, it is a fact that working class people are more likely to be arrested, and therefore, in groups and when typecast into gangs may be expected to commit more crimes or be criminal; the self-fulfilling cycle continues.Words/ Pages : 380 / 24